Bromopedia: Journal of Biology Education Exploration
Program Studi S1 Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Pasuruan
The Effectiveness of the ULTABI Interactive Biology Snakes and Ladders Game in Enhancing Learning Motivation and Achievement Among Grade X Students on Fungi Material
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ULTABI (Interactive Biology Snakes and Ladders Game) media in enhancing students’ learning motivation and achievement on Fungi material among Grade X students at SMAN 1 Pandaan. A quasi-experimental method with a non-equivalent control group design was employed, involving 71 students selected via cluster random sampling. The sample comprised an experimental class using ULTABI and a control class using conventional learning. Data were collected through motivation questionnaires and achievement tests, and then analyzed using N-Gain and independent sample t-tests. Results indicated that ULTABI significantly improved both variables. For motivation, the experimental class achieved an effective N-Gain of 77%, whereas the control class achieved 54% (moderately effective). For learning achievement, the experimental class scored an effective N-Gain of 76%, while the control class scored 42% (less effective). The t-test confirmed these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the ULTABI interactive game is an effective learning medium to enhance students’ motivation and achievement on Fungi material. Its implementation creates an engaging, enjoyable, and student-centered environment that supports meaningful biology education.
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Species Diversity and Morphological Characteristics of Class Asteroidea and Class Ophiuroidea in the Intertidal Zone of Banyu Meneng Beach and Ngentup Beach, South Malang
This study assessed the species diversity and morphological characteristics of Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea inhabiting the intertidal zones of Banyu Meneng and Ngentup Beaches, South Malang, Indonesia, during the rainy season survey conducted on November 7, 2025. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed using a systematic transect-quadrat design consisting of three transects with five quadrats (1 m × 1 m) per transect at each site, resulting in a total of 30 quadrats. Species identification and morphological observations were performed based on external characteristics, while environmental parameters were measured in situ. A total of nine species belonging to two echinoderm classes were recorded, including two Asteroidea species (Pentaceraster affinis and Archaster typicus) and seven Ophiuroidea species. Species abundance was unevenly distributed across sampling plots, with Ophiocoma scolopendrina representing the most abundant species, followed by Clarkcoma canaliculata. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′ ≈ 1.74) indicated a moderate level of species diversity, whereas Pielou’s evenness index (J′ ≈ 0.79) suggested a relatively balanced distribution among non-dominant species. Measured environmental parameters included pH (6.2–8.9), temperature (24–26°C), salinity (20–40 ppt), total dissolved solids (727–10,220 mg/L), and dissolved oxygen (0.2–11.1 mg/L). Morphological traits, including arm length, body shape, coloration, and surface texture, exhibited substantial variation among species, reflecting ecological adaptations to different substrate types and physicochemical conditions. One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant relationship between individual abiotic parameters and species occurrence (p > 0.05). These findings provide baseline information on echinoderm diversity in southern Malang coastal ecosystems and contribute valuable resources for marine biodiversity research, conservation planning, and biology education.
Ethnobotanical Studies on Tengger Traditional Ceremonies in Kandangan Village, Tosari District
A local cultural tradition in Indonesia that is still preserved is the Tengger traditional ceremony by the Tengger community in Kandangan Village, Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency. The Tengger traditional ceremony is inseparable from the use of plants, various types of plants used can be studied by conducting ethnobotanical research. Despite the cultural significance of these ceremonies, comprehensive ethnobotanical documentation covering all ceremony types in Kandangan Villageincluding their symbolic meaningsremains limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of plants used in the Tengger traditional ceremony, and to determine the utilization of plants by the community at the Tengger traditional ceremony. This research was conducted in Kandangan Village, Tosari District, Pasuruan Regency. This study used descriptive qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews with purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques involving 15 informants (5 key informants and 10 non-key informants), and data analysis using descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were 30 plant species from 20 families that were utilized in all Tengger traditional ceremonies in Kandangan Village. The dominant family used in Tengger traditional ceremonies is the Poaceae family (23%), the least used families are the Moraceae, Piperaceae, Clusiaceae, Malvaceae, Araliaceae, Rubiaceae, and Curcubitaceae (1%). The findings contribute to the preservation of local ethnobotanical knowledge and may serve as a foundation for biodiversity conservation and cultural education programs.
Comparative Morphological Analysis of Perinereis sp., Holothuria scabra, and Holothuria fuscocinerea in the Intertidal Zone of Ngentup Beach, South Malang
Coastal ecosystems are dynamic and productive environments that provide important habitats for benthic organisms, which play essential roles in sediment stabilization and maintaining ecosystem balance. Morphological characteristics can reflect adaptive responses of benthic organisms to environmental conditions, particularly in intertidal zones influenced by tidal fluctuations and habitat heterogeneity. This study aimed to describe and compare the morphological characteristics and relatedness of Perinereis sp., Holothuria scabra, and Holothuria fuscocinerea found in the intertidal zone of Ngentup Beach, South Malang. The study was conducted in November 2025 using a quantitative descriptive survey approach. Data were collected through direct observation of external morphological characters using the Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) method. Data tabulation and binary coding were performed using Microsoft Excel, while similarity analysis and dendrogram construction were carried out using PAST version 5.2.1. The results showed clear morphological differences among the three species. Perinereis sp. exhibited segmented body structures, parapodia, setae, bilateral symmetry, and hydrostatic skeletons. In contrast, Holothuria scabra and Holothuria fuscocinerea showed unsegmented bodies, tube feet, oral tentacles, secondary radial symmetry, and calcareous endoskeletons. Similarity analysis showed the highest similarity value (88%) between Holothuria scabra and Holothuria fuscocinerea, while the lowest similarity value (16%) was found between Perinereis sp. and Holothuria fuscocinerea. The dendrogram indicated that the two Holothuria species formed the closest morphological cluster, while Perinereis sp. was separated in a different cluster. This study provides important baseline data for benthic organism monitoring in coastal ecosystems, although the limited sample size remains a limitation of this study.
Improving Biology Cognitive Learning Outcomes Through Problem Based Learning: A Classroom Action Research in Grade 10 Students of SMA Negeri 1 Pandaan
This study aims to improve biology cognitive learning outcomes through the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model in Grade 10 students (Class X-H) of SMA Negeri 1 Pandaan during the 2023/2024 academic year. This research employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design consisting of two cycles, each comprising four stages: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The study involved 37 students (21 female and 16 male) as subjects. Data were collected through documentation, post-tests (10 multiple-choice items per cycle), and learning activity observation sheets. The success indicator was set at a minimum class mastery rate of 78% (≥29 of 37 students achieving the Minimum Completion Criterion/KKM of 78). Pre-intervention data revealed that only 45% of students (n=17) achieved the KKM threshold. Following Cycle I implementation on the topic of Biodiversity Levels, the mastery rate remained at 45% (n=17), indicating the need for instructional refinement. After implementing targeted improvements in Cycle II focused on Biodiversity Distribution, Conservation, and Benefits the mastery rate increased significantly to 81% (n=30), surpassing the 78% success indicator. These results demonstrate that the PBL model effectively enhances students' cognitive learning outcomes in biology, particularly on the topic of Biodiversity. The data analysis technique used was comparative descriptive analysis.
Relationship Between Tree Vegetation Dominance and Understory Plant Community Structure in Alas Pinggan, Prigen, Pasuruan
Tree vegetation dominance is a key ecological factor that shapes the microenvironmental conditions of the forest floor and is associated with the structure and composition of understory plant communities. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between tree vegetation dominance and understory plant community structure in Alas Pinggan, Prigen Sub-district, Pasuruan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted on 27 April 2026 using a quadrat plot method across 11 observation plots. Tree vegetation was sampled in 20×20 m plots, while understory plants were recorded in nested 2×2 m subplots. Quantitative parameters calculated included the Importance Value Index (IVI) for tree species, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Simpson dominance index (C), and Pielou evenness index (E) for understory communities. Results revealed 14 tree species comprising 89 individuals, with Pinus merkusii as the dominant species (IVI = 128.41%) and Swietenia mahagoni as the subdominant (IVI = 75.13%). Tree dominance varied among plots, with Pinus merkusii dominating six plots and Swietenia mahagoni dominating four plots. Understory community structure exhibited H’ values ranging from 2.09 to 3.01 (moderate to high diversity), C values from 0.06 to 0.17 (low dominance), and E values from 0.76 to 0.92 (high evenness). Plots dominated by Pinus merkusii consistently displayed higher understory diversity than those dominated by Swietenia mahagoni, likely attributable to differences in canopy architecture and light penetration to the forest floor. These findings indicate that the identity of the dominant tree species is associated with the heterogeneity of understory plant communities in Alas Pinggan, suggesting a meaningful ecological linkage between overstory dominance and understory community structure.
Floristic Composition and Important Value Index of Tree Stratum in Alas Pinggan Mountain Forest
Mountain forest ecosystems harbor complex plant community structures shaped by both biotic interactions and abiotic environmental gradients. However, floristic composition and tree dominance patterns in the Alas Pinggan Mountain Forest area, Ledug Village, Prigen District, Pasuruan Regency, remain undocumented. This study aimed to analyze the floristic composition and Important Value Index (IVI) of the tree stratum in this montane forest ecosystem. Research was conducted on Monday, April 27, 2026, using a systematic plot sampling method across 11 plots of 20×20 m (total observation area of 4,400 m²), targeting trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of ≥20 cm. Species identification, DBH measurement derived from stem circumference conversion, and plot-based frequency analysis were performed to model stand structure and species dominance. A total of 90 individual trees belonging to 13 species were recorded. Pinus merkusii emerged as the dominant species with an IVI of 121.12%, contributed by a relative density of 50.00%, relative frequency of 23.53%, and relative dominance of 47.59%. Swietenia mahagoni ranked second as a subdominant species with an IVI of 82.11%. The remaining 11 species, including Syzygium aromaticum, Persea americana, and Ficus septica, were classified as minor or rare species with IVI values below 20%. Mean environmental conditions recorded included air temperature of 26.85°C, relative humidity of 58.45%, and soil pH of 6.13. These findings indicate that the tree stratum of Alas Pinggan Mountain Forest is strongly dominated by Pinus merkusii, reflecting a pine plantation-influenced stand structure within a montane ecosystem. This study was limited to a single sampling day and restricted to mature tree strata (DBH ≥20 cm), suggesting the need for further research covering broader growth stages and temporal variation.
Target Mammal Inventory: Detection Frequency and Conservation Implications in Alas Pinggan, Prigen District, Pasuruan Regency
Alas Pinggan Forest in Prigen District, Pasuruan Regency, serves as a critical buffer zone of Tahura Raden Soerdjo (Arjuno Welirang Forest Area). Despite its ecological importance, scientific data on mammal diversity in this area remain scarce, necessitating a baseline inventory to support conservation planning. Data were collected in April 2026 using stratified line transect surveys over 8 effective survey days, with two daily observation sessions across 11 observation plots, each approximately 200 m in length (total transect length: 2.2 km). Detection Rate (DR) was calculated as the ratio of detection events to total transect length. Species diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener index (H’). Results: Three mammal species were recorded Sunda treeshrew (Tupaia sp.), red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), and long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) with a total of 29 detection events. DR values were: Tupaia sp. 7.27 ind/km (highest), M. fascicularis 3.18 ind/km, and M. muntjak 2.73 ind/km (lowest). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) was 0.99, indicating low mammal diversity. Plot 6 recorded the highest species richness, with all three species detected simultaneously, suggesting it functions as a mammal activity hotspot. Forest fragmentation and anthropogenic disturbance were identified as major threats. The recorded DR values represent relative detection frequency and should not be interpreted as absolute population estimates. These findings provide essential baseline data for wildlife monitoring.
Niche Partitioning of Three Sympatric Mammals Based on Tree Dimensions and Understory Vegetation in Alas Pinggan Forest, Prigen
Ecological niche partitioning is a fundamental mechanism enabling the coexistence of sympatric species. This study examines resource partitioning among three mammalian taxa Macaca fascicularis, Tupaia sp., and Muntiacus muntjak at Alas Pinggan Forest, East Java, Indonesia. Surveys were conducted on 27–29 April 2026 across 11 plots (0.5 ha each) using direct observation, camera trapping, and vegetation analysis. Total sampling effort comprised three days of direct observation and four camera-trap nights, recording M. fascicularis (six direct observations), Tupaia sp. (detections across nine plots), and M. muntjak (one plot). Vegetation surveys documented 255 trees (24 species; mean DBH 31.7 cm). Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed significant associations between species distributions and habitat variables (p = 0.014). M. fascicularis occupied mid-canopy strata (10–20 m) with large trees (DBH 30–50 cm; niche breadth: 0.62). Tupaia sp. specialized in dense understory (height <2 m, coverage >60%; niche breadth: 0.38). M. muntjak inhabited the forest floor with intermediate understory (40–60%; niche breadth: 0.54). Low pairwise niche overlap indices (Cλ < 0.50) indicated substantial resource partitioning. Environmental parameters varied significantly: temperature 22.5–26.3°C, humidity 71–88%, light 850–1,950 lux, and wind 0.7–2.5 m/s. These results demonstrate that vertical stratification and understory complexity create distinct microhabitats supporting mammal coexistence. Conserving tropical mammal diversity requires maintaining structural complexity across forest strata.
Analysis of Entomofauna Diversity as a Bioindicator of the Alas Pinggan Forest Ecosystem, Prigen
Entomofauna diversity plays an important role as a bioindicator in assessing forest ecosystem conditions because insects are highly sensitive to environmental changes. This study was conducted in the Alas Pinggan Forest, Prigen, East Java, with the aim of identifying insect composition from the order to species level as baseline data for biodiversity inventory and analyzing entomofauna diversity using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Evenness index, and Simpson’s dominance index. Data collection was carried out through direct field observation along predetermined observation paths within the forest area during a single-day survey on April 28, 2026, covering morning and afternoon observation periods. Insect species encountered were documented visually and identified based on morphological characteristics using field guides and cross-validation through biodiversity databases and citizen-science platforms. The results recorded 45 species belonging to 7 orders and 32 families, with a total of 138 individuals observed. Lepidoptera was the most dominant order, accounting for 27 species and 93 individuals. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed high diversity (H’ = 3.51), the Evenness index indicated a highly even distribution (E = 0.92), and the Simpson’s dominance index showed low dominance (C = 0.038). These findings indicate that the entomofauna community in Alas Pinggan Forest reflects relatively high biodiversity and balanced species distribution during the observation period, suggesting that the ecosystem remains relatively healthy based on this short-term assessment. This study provides baseline scientific data that may support future biodiversity monitoring and forest conservation strategies in the Alas Pinggan area.
Effect of Sugar Concentration and Fermentation Duration on Alcohol Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Organoleptic Characteristics of Melon Juice Kombucha (Cucumis melo L. var. Honeydew)
Kombucha is a beverage produced by fermenting sweet tea using Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), which is a symbiotic mixture of bacteria and yeast. Kombucha is a fermented beverage that contains various bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant activity. The use of melon juice as a fermentation substrate has the potential to produce new kombucha innovations, but the effect of the combination of sugar concentration and fermentation duration on product quality still needs to be studied. This study aims to determine the effect of varying sugar concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) and fermentation duration (6, 8, and 10 days) on the alcohol content, antioxidant activity, and organoleptic characteristics of melon juice kombucha. The study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with nine treatments and two controls. The parameters analyzed included alcohol content, DPPH antioxidant activity, and organoleptic tests (color, aroma, and taste). The data were analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA, Friedman's test, and Wilcoxon's ranked-order test. The results showed that all samples had an alcohol content of 0%, which is still within the safe limit for consumption. All melon juice kombucha treatments showed very strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value < 20 ppm. The organoleptic test results showed significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05) in terms of color, aroma, and taste. Based on the hedonic test, treatment P6 (15% sugar concentration and 8 days of fermentation) produced the highest panelist acceptance level, while fermentation for 10 days tended to decrease panelist preference, especially in terms of aroma and taste.
Species Diversity and Morphological Characteristics of Echinoderms in the Intertidal Zone of Ngentup Beach, South Malang: a Baseline Study for Coastal Monitoring
The intertidal zone is a highly dynamic coastal ecosystem that is sensitive to environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures. The phylum Echinodermata is an important component of macrofauna whose presence can reflect the condition of coastal ecosystems. Previous research at Ngentup Beach (2020) documented the diversity of echinoderms under relatively low human pressure during the pandemic, but post-pandemic monitoring studies of the intertidal zone are not yet available. This study aims to identify echinoderm species based on morphological characteristics, determine diversity indices, and describe the physical-chemical parameters of the water as habitat indicators. The study was conducted in November 2025 using the transect-quadrant method in the intertidal zone of Ngentup Beach, South Malang. The results showed that 15 species of Echinodermata were found, consisting of the classes Asteroidea (3 species), Ophiuroidea (7 species), and Echinoidea (5 species), with dominance in the class Ophiuroidea. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) value of 1.308 indicates a moderate diversity category. The measured environmental parameters included temperature of 26.6°C, salinity of 30‰, and pH of 6.1. The results of this study provide updated data on echinoderm diversity and information on current habitat conditions as a basis for monitoring the coastal ecosystem at Ngentup Beach.
Ecological Niches and Trophic Levels of Fish Based on Feeding Habits in the Rekesan and Jumpinang Rivers Pasuruan Indonesia
River environmental changes influence aquatic organisms, particularly fish, by affecting food resource utilization and trophic interactions. This study analyzed feeding habits, trophic niche breadth, and trophic levels of fish in the Rekesan and Jumpinang Rivers, Pasuruan, Indonesia. A quantitative descriptive method with an ex post facto approach was applied using purposive sampling at upstream, midstream, and downstream stations in each river. Stomach contents were examined to determine diet composition. Trophic niche breadth was calculated using Levin’s index, and trophic levels were estimated based on dietary data. A total of 944 individuals representing eight species were recorded. Five species (Channa striata, Dermogenys pusila, Poecilia chica, Poecilia reticulata, and Rasbora argyrotaenia) were directly analyzed through stomach content examination, while trophic information for three species (Nemacheilus fasciatus, Puntius binotatus, and Pterygoplichthys pardalis) was obtained from relevant literature. Feeding habit values ranged from 0.57% to 97.43%, with phytoplankton and plant materials as dominant food sources. Niche breadth values ranged from 0.01 to 0.44, indicating narrow to moderate categories. Trophic levels ranged from 2.01 to 3.23, classifying the fish as herbivores and omnivores with plant or animal preferences. Differences in niche breadth and trophic position were observed between Poecilia chica and Poecilia reticulata across the two rivers, indicating trophic differentiation and variation in resource use along river sections.
Analysis of Mangrove Vegetation in the Patuguran Mangrove Tourism Jogging Track Area, Rejoso District, Pasuruan Regency as a Potential Resource for Learning Biology 1st Grade of Senior High School
Mangroves are plants that live on the coast or river estuary with the influence of tidal influences of seawater. The vegetation is specially arranged in the levels of trees, stakes, poles, and seedlings. Vegetation analysis is used to study the arrangement and composition of vegetation based on plant structure. Patuguran Village, Rejoso District, Pasuruan Regency has a mangrove forest area, namely the Patuguran Mangrove Tourism Jogging Track. This study aims to determine mangrove vegetation, INP and diversity index and mangroves in the Patuguran Mangrove Tourism Jogging Track Area and find out its potential as a source of biology learning for class X. The results of this study show that there are 6 types of mangroves, namely Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., Avicennia alba Blume, Rhizophora stylosa Griff., Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl., Acanthus ilicifolius L., and Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. ex Savigny. Avicennia marina also has the highest INP in all stands, namely at the tree level of 150.970%, the pole level of 180.819%, the pile level of 172.043% and the seedling level of 189.416%. The type of mangrove that has the highest overall important index value is Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., with a value of 167.482%. The mangrove diversity index (H') of stations I, II, and III yielded values of 0.838, 0.952, and 0.948, respectively. The total value of the diversity index is 1.057. The results of the analysis were used as a learning resource for biology class X on biodiversity materials, which were presented in the form of poster learning media
Development of Android Application as Interactive Learning Media for Environmental Change Material for Class X Based on Mangrove Forest Ecosystem
To keep up with the rapid advancement of the times, teaching must be carried out innovatively, one of which is by utilizing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a learning medium (Hilyatun, 2020). The use of technology-based media makes learning more accessible and engaging for students. This study aims to develop an Android-based application as an interactive learning media for Grade X environmental change material based on the mangrove ecosystem. This research is a type of Research and Development (R&D) study, using the steps of the 4D development model. Based on validation results, the application received a feasibility score of 81% from the material expert, which falls into the "highly feasible" category. Validation by the media expert resulted in a score of 94%, also classified as "highly feasible", indicating that the application is considered suitable for use in the learning process. From the practicality test, the application obtained a score of 100% from the teacher and 88% from the students, both of which are in the "highly practical" category. These results indicate that the application is easy to use, engaging, and can be effectively implemented in classroom learning.
Diversity of Mollusca as a Bioindicator of Water Quality at Banyu Meneng Beach South Malang
Coastal ecosystems are biologically productive yet highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures, requiring reliable biological indicators for water quality assessment. This study analyzed Mollusca diversity and community structure as bioindicators of water quality at Banyu Meneng Beach, South Malang, Indonesia. A quantitative ecological survey with a cross-sectional design was conducted in November 2025 using quadrat transects across three intertidal zones. Mollusca diversity was assessed using the Shannon–Wiener index (H’) and interpreted in relation to measured physicochemical parameters. A total of 16 Mollusca species belonging to Gastropoda and Bivalvia were identified, with Gastropoda as the dominant class. Diversity index values ranged from 1.33 to 1.93, indicating lightly to moderately polluted conditions. Environmental parameters generally remained within the tolerance limits of Mollusca, though signs of moderate ecological pressure were evident. These findings confirm that Mollusca community structure is a sensitive and practical bioindicator for early detection of coastal water quality degradation.
Development of Teaching Materials in the Form of Flipbook E-Modules Based on the Local Potential of Macroalgae and Crabs on the Long Sand Beach of Lekok in the Ecosystem Material for Grade 1st Senior High School
This research was motivated by field findings indicating that biology learning on ecosystem topics is still largely dominated by lecture methods, with teaching materials limited to textbooks. Such conditions tend to make students passive and hinder their ability to understand concepts within a real-world context. In fact, the school’s surrounding environment offers rich local potential that can be integrated into learning resources, such as the presence of macroalgae and crabs at Pasir Panjang Beach, Lekok. Addressing this gap, the present study aimed to develop an e-module flipbook based on local potential and to evaluate its validity as well as student responses. The study employed a Research and Development approach using the 4D model, consisting of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages, though this research was limited to the Develop stage. Research instruments included a needs questionnaire, student questionnaire, expert validation sheets, and a student response questionnaire. Product validation was carried out by two biology education lecturers as subject matter experts and one biology education lecturer as a media expert. The validation results indicated that subject matter experts provided an average score of 93%, categorized as highly valid, while the media expert provided 91%, also categorized as highly valid. A limited trial with 20 students 1st of SMAT Bumi Darun Najah Lekok produced an average response score of 88%, categorized as very good. These findings demonstrate that the developed flipbook e-module is valid, practical, and suitable for use as supplementary teaching material in ecosystem learning at the senior high school level.
Diversity and Distribution of Gastropods in the Intertidal Zone of Banyu Meneng Beach, South Malang: a Preliminary Inventory Based on Zoning and Substrate Type
The intertidal zone is a dynamic coastal ecosystem characterized by environmental fluctuations caused by tidal cycles that influence the structure of benthic communities, including gastropods, within benthic ecology. However, baseline data on the diversity and distribution of gastropods in the intertidal zone of Banyu Meneng Beach, South Malang, remain limited and have not been documented. This study aims to inventory gastropod species and analyze distribution patterns based on intertidal zoning and substrate types. The research was conducted in November 2025 using a field survey method with a line transect approach placed parallel to the shoreline across three intertidal zones: upper, middle, and lower. Observations were conducted using 1 × 1 m quadrats on rocky and sandy substrates to record gastropod species and abundance. The results showed that 9 gastropod species belonging to 8 families were identified, with Turbinidae as the most dominant family (2 species). Species distribution exhibited a zonation pattern, where the middle intertidal zone contained the highest diversity with 7 species, while the upper and lower zones hosted only 1 species. Based on substrate type, rocky substrates supported diversity with 7 species, whereas sandy substrates were inhabited by only 2 species. Diversity index analysis showed a Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H') of 2.03 (moderate), Simpson dominance index (D) of 0.16 (low dominance), evenness index (E) of 0.92 (high evenness), and Margalef index (R) of 2.48 (moderate). Overall, intertidal zonation and substrate type play a role in shaping the gastropod community structure at Banyu Meneng Beach.
Analysis of Biomass and Carbon Absorption Potential in Jogging Track Ecotourism of Patuguran Mangrove Tourism Rejoso Pasuruan and Its Potential as a Class 10 Biology Learning Resource
Increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions due to human activities pose a serious threat to the global climate balance. Mangrove forests have a high capacity to absorb and store carbon, but this potential is often not fully utilized, both in environmental management and in the context of education. This study aims to analyze the potential of biomass and carbon absorption in the Patuguran Mangrove Tourism Jogging Track Ecotourism area, Rejoso, Pasuruan, and examine its use as a resource for learning biology class 10 based on local potential. This study uses a type of mixed method research that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. The biomass measurement method is carried out non-destructively using allometric equations. The determination of the location of the sample was carried out by purposive sampling by making quadrant transects. The results showed that biomass was 38.44 tons/ha, with a carbon stock of 18.07 tons/ha, and a potential CO₂ absorption of 56.39 tons/ha. This figure is relatively low when compared to the IPCC carbon stock reference value in mangroves in the tropics, indicating that carbon storage capacity is not optimal and the need to improve ecosystem quality. The results of the identification of the relationship between the results of the research on biomass analysis and carbon absorption potential in the Patuguran Mangrove Tourism Jogging Track Ecotourism Ecotourism, Rejoso, Pasuruan with biology learning are found in the material Environmental Change class 10 in the Phase E element.
Diversity and Dominance of Bivalvia in the Semedu Beach Area Semedusari Village Lekok District Pasuruan Regency as a Potential Learning Resource for High School Biology Class X
Bivalves are a group of mollusks that live and spread in various coastal waters of Indonesia. They occupy shallow water ecosystems, such as beaches, seagrass ecosystems, algae, and coral reefs. One of the Bivalve habitats is Semedu Beach located in Semedusari Village, Lekok District, Pasuruan Regency with diverse substrates such as mud, coral and rocks. This study aims to analyze the morphology of Bivalves based on the diversity index and dominance index at Semedu Beach, and has the potential as a learning resource for Class X high school biology. The method used in this research is purposive sampling using 15 transects and 10 plots. The results of the study found as many as 5 orders of 11 diverse species. The orders include Arcida, Venerida, Ostreida, Cardiida, and Mytiloida. The results of the diversity index of the Bivalve class on Semedu Beach have a level of diversity that is categorized as moderate, with a diversity index value of 1.88. While the dominance index on Semedu Beach has a dominance index value of 0.18 which is categorized as low, due to the absence of dominating species. The results of the analysis of the relationship between bivalve morphology research and biology learning in the independent curriculum, especially in biodiversity material for class X Phase E students with learning outcomes (CP) mastered by students and setting learning objectives that match the characteristics of students so that the learning process is achieved effectively. The results of this linkage identification can be developed into digital-based learning resources, such as the utilization of the Virtual Field Trip (VFT) method.
Diversity and Dominance of Gastropods in Semedu Beach Semedusari Village (Lekok) as a Potential Learning Resource for Class X Senior High School Biology
Gatropoda is a class of the mollusca phylum that has many benefits for the ecosystem. In addition, gastropod research at Semedu Beach has not been utilized as a source of learning based on local potential so that it can support this study. Gastropod sampling was carried out by determining the location of the research point using a line transect with a purposive sampling method. The results of the study found 7 families and 10 species of gastropods consisting of families. Gastropods have a level of diversity with an index value of 1.836 which is included in the moderate category. Meanwhile, the gastropod dominance index value is categorized as low with a value of 0.193. The results of the analysis of the relationship between the findings of the gastropod community structure and biology learning in the Merdeka curriculum have great potential for the learning achievements of phase E of the biodiversity material for grade X high school so that it can be used as a learning medium based on augmented reality. It can be concluded that this study has the potential to be used as a source of learning biology for grade X high school based on the environment. This study aims to analyze the structure of the Gastropod community based on the diversity index and dominance index at Semedu Beach as a potential source of learning biology for grade X high school.
Developing a Handout on The Local Potential of Lake Ranu Grati for Class X SMA
This study aims to develop teaching materials in the form of handouts based on the local potential of Lake Ranu Grati as a learning medium for biology on ecosystems for tenth-grade high school students. The background of this research is the limited teaching materials relevant to the local context and the lack of print media that are engaging and encourage active student engagement in the learning process. This research is a Research and Development (R&D) study using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model. The subjects were 20 tenth-grade students at Syarif Hidayatullah Grati High School. Data were collected through interviews, observations, validation questionnaires from material and media experts, and user response questionnaires.The validation results from material experts showed that the handout was categorized as "feasible" with a score of 62.50%, while validation by media experts resulted in a score of 83.33%, categorized as "very feasible." Teacher and student responses to the product were also very positive, with feasibility scores of 88% and 86%, respectively. Furthermore, the use of this handout demonstrated improved student learning outcomes based on cognitive evaluations before and after the treatment. From these results, it can be concluded that the handout based on the local potential of Lake Ranu Grati is declared valid, feasible, practical, and effective as a biology learning medium in improving student learning outcomes in ecosystem material.
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Study of Bryophyte Diversity in The Glongsor Waterfall Area PuspoPasuruan Regency
Mosses (Bryophyta) play an important role as a component of ecosystems in maintaining environmental balance, particularly in aquatic areas such as waterfalls. This study aims to identify the diversity of moss species in the Glongsor Waterfall, Gondosuli, Puspo area; to determine the diversity index and importance value index of mosses in the same area; and to assess the potential of moss diversity research as a resource for biology learning. The study was conducted from December 2024 to March 2025. The research employed a descriptive-exploratory design using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Field surveys were conducted using the transect line method and purposive sampling for sample collection. Moss identification was carried out at the Botany Laboratory, Biology Education, UNU Pasuruan, considering habitat, color, and substrate characteristics. The results revealed 13 species of mosses in the Glongsor Waterfall area, belonging to the classes Bryopsida, Marchantiopsida, Hepaticopsida, Polytrichopsida, Jungermanniopsida, and Anthocerotopsida.
Development of Android-Based Mobile Learning on Virus Materials as a Learning Media for High School Class X
The development of information technology has brought major changes in the world of education, including learning biology in high school. One of the materials that students find difficult to understand is the virus because of its abstract nature and cannot be observed directly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology-based learning media through Android-based mobile learning. This study aims to (1) determine the validity of Android based mobile learning media on class X virus material, and (2) determine students' responses to these media. The research uses the R&D method with the Four D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). Data was obtained through product validation by two validators (media experts and material experts), as well as trials on teachers and 65 students of MAN 1 Pasuruan class X. The validation results showed that the media was suitable for use with a score of 83.33% by media experts and 80% by material experts. The teacher's response was 91.11% and the student response was 92.75%, both of which are in the very good category. The mobile learning media developed contains viral material in the form of short texts, images, animated videos, and evaluation quizzes, so that it can improve student understanding, facilitate access to learning, and create interesting and innovative learning. Thus, Android-based mobile learning can be an effective solution in biology learning, especially on the topic of viruses.
The Efect of The Teams Game Tournament (TGT) Type Cooperative Learning Model Using Wordwall on Students Interest and Learning Outcomes in Biotechnology Material in Claass X
The learning process plays an important role in the students' interest and learning outcomes. Teachers are required to present an interesting and efficient learning model so that students are more enthusiastic in mastering the material. This study aims to describe the effect of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model assisted by Wordwall on students' interest and learning outcomes in Biotechnology material for class X at SMA Negeri 4 Pasuruan City. This study uses a Quasi Experimental Design with the application of different treatments in two classes. The sample of this study consisted of 70 students divided into 2 groups, namely 35 students in the experimental class and 35 students in the control class. The instruments used were learning outcome tests, learning interest scores, and learning interest observation sheets. The research data were analyzed using the Independent Sample t-test. The results of this study indicate that the student's learning interest scores produced a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000. The same test on the student interest observation sheet also obtained a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000. Furthermore, on student learning outcomes, the Independent Sample t-test showed a significance value (2-tailed) of 0.000. Thus, it is concluded that there is an influence of the Team Game Tournament (TGT) type cooperative learning model assisted by Wordwall on students' interest and learning outcomes in Biotechnology material for class X of SMA Negeri 4 Kota Pasuruan.
Isolation And Antibacterial Testing Of Endophytic Fungi On Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma longa sp) As A Potential Learning Resource For Fungi Concept Material For Class X SMA
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a rhizomatous plant that harbors endophytic fungi capable of producing secondary metabolites with antibacterial potential. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi from white, yellow, and black turmeric rhizomes collected from three regions in Pasuruan Regency. An exploratory descriptive method was applied using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Isolation was conducted through surface sterilization and cultivation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), followed by macroscopic and microscopic identification. A total of 24 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained, representing 10 genera: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Acremonium, Cladophialophora, Absidia, Trichoderma, Myrothecium, Cylindrocarpon, and Mortierella. Antibacterial testing by disk diffusion revealed that isolate KHu2-E (Acremonium) showed the strongest inhibition against Escherichia coli (21 mm), while KKu3-R (Myrothecium) exhibited the highest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm). Overall, E. coli was more sensitive to fungal metabolites than S. aureus. These findings confirm the potential of turmeric-associated endophytic fungi as natural antibacterial agents and highlight their relevance as contextual learning resources in Biology, particularly for teaching fungal concepts at the senior high school level.
Isolation and Identification of Endophyte Fungi in Fers in Coban Curah Watu as Potential Teaching Materials For Grade X SMA Fungi
This study aims to isolate and identify endophytic fungi found in fern leaves (Pteridophyta) in the Coban Curah Watu area, and to examine their potential as a source of teaching materials for grade X high school fungi in accordance with the independent curriculum. The background of this study is the importance of utilizing local potential as a contextual learning resource that can improve student understanding. The study uses a mixed method approach with an embedded design model, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Fern samples were taken by purposive sampling, then isolated using PDA media and identified the morphology of fungi macroscopically and microscopically. The results of the study showed the diversity of endophytic fungi, including the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium, which have unique characteristics and biological potential, especially in producing secondary metabolite compounds. These findings were developed into learning media in the form of posters that were tested on high school students. Student responses showed high enthusiasm, interest in the material, and an increased understanding of the concept of fungi through a contextual approach. Thus, the results of this study not only enrich information about the diversity of endophytic fungi in ferns, but also have the potential to be meaningful, innovative, and environmentally-based biology teaching materials for students.
Development of Magic Box-Based Learning Media on Biodiversity Material for Grade X
This study aimed to develop a magic box-based learning media on the topic of biodiversity and to evaluate students' responses to the media. The research employed a development method using the 4D model, which includes four stages: Define, Design, Development, and Disseminate. However, this study was limited to the Development stage due to specific considerations. The instruments used in the research included a needs analysis questionnaire, a student characteristics questionnaire, expert validation sheets, and a student response questionnaire. The validation process was carried out by three experts—two biology education lecturers and one biology teacher. The validation results indicated that the media was valid and suitable for trial use. The trial was conducted in June 2025 with 18 tenth-grade students from SMA Syarif Hidayatullah Grati. Based on the development results, the magic box learning media received a material validation score of 78%, a media validation score of 90%, and a practitioner validation score of 96%. In addition, the student response questionnaire showed that the media’s attractiveness reached 84%. In conclusion, the magic box learning media was found to be valid, engaging, and feasible for use as a supplementary tool in the biology learning process, particularly in teaching biodiversity topics
Diversity And Abundance Of Bivalves In Karang Hitam Beach Lekok District As a Potential Learning Resource For Biology Class X In High School
Karang Hitam Beach in Pasuruan Regency has great potential in the diversity of bivalvia species, which is an important group of mollusks in the marine ecosystem. This research aims to analyze the morphology of Bivalvia based on the diversity index and abundance index as well as a source of learning Biology based on local potential in Class X High School. This research was carried out at Karang Hitam Beach, Wates Village, Lekok District, Pasuruan Regency with the type of research using a mixed method approach with purposive sampling techniques and using 20 transects and 10 plots. The research results found 10 families and 19 species. The results of the Bivalvian Diversity index have a medium level of diversity with an index value of 2,396. The Bivalvia abundance index has a moderate level of abundance in Karang Hitam, Wates Village, Lekok District, Pasuruan Regency with an abundance index value of 100.00. The results of this research can be used as a reference in the learning process in Phase E of the Merdeka Curriculum on the Biodiversity material, where students have the capacity to develop solutions to problems related to local, national or global issues related to Diversity and Bivalric Abundance at Karang Hitam Lekok Beach. So the competencies that must be possessed by students based on learning objectives (TP) 1. Students are able to observe 3D learning videos about the morphology of Bivalvia and coastal ecosystems, 2. Students are able to discuss environmental factors that affect the existence of Bivalvia. Students are able to compile observation reports and posters of coastal ecosystem exploration through digital media (3D video).
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants by the Community of Kandangan Village, Tosari District, Pusuruan Regency
Ethnobotany, as a science that studies the relationship between humans and plants, has become an important part in understanding the use of medicinal plants in the context of local culture. Medicinal plants have become an important part of the lives of traditional communities in Indonesia, including in Kandangan Village, Tosari District, which has a wealth of biodiversity and traditional knowledge about the use of medicinal plants. The use of medicinal plants not only functions as a treatment, but also as part of the preservation of cultural heritage and local wisdom. This study aims to examine the types of medicinal plants and the use of medicinal plants by the people of Kandangan Village, Tosari District. The method used was exploratory descriptive research through surveys and semi-structured interviews. The sampling techniques used were purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Several key informants, including traditional and community leaders from Kandangan Village, were selected. The research period was from December 2024 to May 2025. The results of the study showed that there were 27 types of medicinal plants utilized, which were included in 23 genera and classified into 16 families from 15 orders. The plants were divided into two classes, namely Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida. The most dominant families utilized were Asteraceae and Solanaceae, each with a percentage value of 15%. The part of the plant most widely used as medicine was the leaves, with a percentage of 49%. The most common processing method was boiling 35%, while the least used processing method was rolling 4%. The use of medicinal plants by eating was the most common method at 42%, while the least used methods were pasting, soaking, and chewing, each with a percentage of 4%.